- INFINITIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Infinitive adalah bentuk asal kata kerja dan bisa ditulis dengan atau tanpa kata tambahan “to.” Dengan kata tambahan to, ia biasanya disebut sebagai full infinitive atau infinitive with to. Tanpa to, ia biasanya disebut sebagai infinitive without to atau bare infinitive.
Infinitive dipakai:
- Sebagai subject kalimat;
- Pelengkap kata kerja yang mendahuluinya (dengan atau tanpa to)
- Untuk menunjukkan maksud
- Perintah, ajakan, undangan, permohonan (dalam imperative mood)
- Harapan, kalau-kalau, kemungkinan, saran (dalam subjunctive mood)
- Passive voice, disebut sebagai passive present infinitive atau passive infinitive;
- Menunjukkan perbuatan lampau yang mungkin telah terjadi (dalam bentuk: may/must + perfect infinitive)
- Forms
- Present infinitive: (to) build, (to) be
- Forms
- The king will build a new school next year.
- The king has*** to build a new school next year.
- The king wants to build a new school next year.
- The king will be 50 years old next year.
- The king has*** to be intelligent.
- Present Continuous infinitive: (to) be building, (to) be being
- The king will be building a new school next year.
- The king has to be building ….(rare)
- The king wants to be building …. (rare)
- The king will be being watched by his people …. (rare)
- The king has*** to be being intelligent …. (rare)
- Perfect infinitive: (to) have built, (to) have been
- The king will have built a new school next year.
- The king has*** to have built …. (rare)
- The king wants to have built ….
- The king will have been 50 years old next year.
- The king has*** to have been intelligent next year.
- Perfect Continuous infinitive: (to) have been building, (to) have been being
- The king will have been building a new school next year.
- The king has*** to have been building …. (rare)
- The king wants to have been building …. (rare)
- The king will have been being intelligent next year. (rare)
- The king has*** to have been being intelligent…. (rare)
- Passive present infinitive: (to) be built
- The king will want a new school to be built next year.
- The king has*** to have** a new school built next year.
Notes:
- After an object, the causative verbs have/has/had** (menyuruh) and get/gets/got can’t be followed by a passive present infinitive but a passive past participle. So, the verb “built” is not called a passive present infinitive but a passive past participle.
- After an object, in informal English the verb want/wants/wanted/to have wanted can also be followed by a passive past participle.
So, we can also say:
- The king will want a new school built next year.
- The king wants a new school built next year.
- A new school has*** to be built next year.
- Ardern bristles at the suggestion she’s too inexperienced to be handed the keys to the economy. (Bloomberg)
Notes: a to-infinitive can be a passive present infinitive, or called as a passive infinitive.
Contoh:
- I don’t know what to do with him now.
instead of I don’t know what to be done with him now.
- There is nothing else to discuss now.
Instead of There is nothing else to be discussed now.
- There are a lot of problems to solve today.
Instead of There are a lot of problems to be solved today.
- The last great frontier for international asset managers may prove the toughest yet to conquer. (Bloomberg)
Instead of The last great frontier for international asset managers may prove the toughest yet to conquer. (Bloomberg)
- The country has* a lot of money to spend today.
Instead of The country has a lot of money to be spent today.
- He doesn’t have* anything to do now.
- The mongoose doesn’t have* anything to worry about when fighting a snake.
Instead of The mongoose doesn’t have anything to be worried about when fighting a snake.
- He is a creep and a danger and unpleasant to look at, but at least he’s not a stunning hypocrite.
Instead of He is creep and a danger and unpleasant to be looked at ….
Notes:
- * the full verb have (memiliki)
- *** the auxiliary verb have to (harus)
- Passive present perfect: (to) have been built
- The king will want a new school to have been built next year.
- The king has to have a new school have been built next year. (rare)
- The king wants a new school to have been built next year.
EXERCISES:
- Translate the following questions into Indonesian.
- Would there be no Japanese superpower if it had not been for a number of cultural factors that literally made the Japanese a superior people?
- When did the country first begin to import handicraft technology from Korea and China?
- Why were they were unable to apply their traditional quality standards?
- What did the engineers resolve to introduce to Japan?
- How many American statistical control experts were invited to lecture in Japan?
- Which system imbued ordinary Japanese with what may well have been the highest quality standards in the world?
- What did the engineers wed with their master-apprentice approach to engineer and produce a stream of high-quality products that took the world by
storm?
- Identify the infinitive form or forms, if any, in each of the following questions
- What does Japan owe its rise to superpower status to?
- What has Japan owed its rise to the status to?
- What doesn’t Japan owe its rise to the status to?
- What will Japan owe its rise to superpower status to?
- What will Japan have owed its rise to the status to?
- Do you owe anything to your business success?
- Do you owe anyone to your success in business?
- Who will you owe your success in English study to?
- How much help did they get from the huge and open American and European markets?
- How much help had they got from the European markets?
- How much help will they have got from the American markets in the next ten years?
- What literally made Japan a superior people?
- Did cultural factors literally made them a superior people?
- What was the primary pillar of their economic edifice?
- What had literally made Japan a superior people?
- What was one of the cultural factors that became a primary pillar of their economic edifice?
- Who were increasingly exposed to arts and crafts that were made by masters?
- What gradually raised the level of the quality of everything made in Japan?
- What was repeated following the end of World War II?
- When did the Japanese adopt the ancient Chinese custom of using the master-apprentice approach?
- Who was followed by Mr Juran in 1954 to lecture in Japan?
- Who did Mr Juran follow in 1954?
2.2 Usage of the present infinitive
2.2.1 sebagai subject dalam bentuk present infinitive dengan to, yang juga disebut sebagai full infinitive
- To err is human.
- To be giving is to be humane.
- To be successful, work hard, and when things get tough, work harder.
- menunjukkan maksud atau tujuan
- Our primary plan has so far been to protect the country’s computer networks from enemy hacking.
- Part of his personal strategy is to save enough money for rainy days.
- The way to love anything is to realize that it might be lost.
- The firm’s next move is to disrupt the traditional Hollywood business model.
- The measures to ease foreign investment came after …. (Reuters)
Catatan: kata kerja “is” di perkataan “is to save,” “is to realize,” dan “is to disrupt” BUKAN KATA KERJA BANTU “TO BE TO” yang berarti “harus,” atau “akan.” Lihat XXVI: THE AUXILIARY VERB TO BE TO
- Bare infinitive in the imperative mood: command, request, order, or invitation
- Chop your own wood and it will warm you twice.
- Don’t tell me how hard you work, but how much you get done.
- Have the courage to live your life, not the one imagined for you by well-intentional parents or other authority figures. (You will know what’s best.)
- Never have partners.
- Seize the day.
- Each day is a treasure, so treasure each day.
- Place your trust in life’s processes, and let life run its course. (In time it will become apparent.)
- Keep the faith.
- Keep your dream alive by keeping your faith – be reborn like a phoenix rising.
- Don’t play the blame-shame game – just prove your critics wrong.
2.2.4 with or without to after these four verbs: help, let, make, bid
Contoh:
- Let another clansman
Gone forth in the Dispensation
Keep, as did the elder Mitta,
Perfect faculty restraint. (Visuddhimagga, p. 40)
- Let him not be hungry-eyed,
Like a monkey in the groves,
Like a wild deer in the woods,
Like a nervous little child,
Let him go with eyes downcast. (Visuddhimagga, p. 38)
- They face difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature and were equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought.
- The teacher bade him stay in his room last night. (rare)
2,2.5 with to
After: decide, intend, learn, look, pay, plan, seem, want, wish,
Contoh:
- Steve Jobs decided to drop out of college while he was freshman.
- If you want to live your life in a creative way, you have to not look back too much.
- When business is good, it pays to advertise.
- Think like an artist to create great works of art that people will want to own and that will also stand the test of time.
2.2.6 Bare infinitive as a subjunctive verb* of reported speech when the main clause has a of suggestion and emphasis: advise, demand, recommend, suggest, insist, wish
- yang menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau keadaan (tidak sebagai fakta tetapi) sebagai bersifat kalau-kalau atau mungkin.
Formal in British English and common in American English
Contoh:
- The foreign chief negotiator suggested that we break for an hour.
Common in British English: … suggested that we should break for an hour.
- The manager insisted that we eat dinner for free here.
Common in British English: …. Insisted that we eat dinner for free here.
- She looked at him and asked,’I can’t insist she leave, can I?’
- He suggested that she get into bed and sleep.
- Kathy recommended that they rest for a few hours before they have to prepare for the match.
- The chief negotiator recommended that he carry on with the project.
- The translator suggested that they break for one hour.
- The boss demanded that they go there by train.
2.2.7 Bare infinitive or present participle after verbs of the senses: feel, hear, look at, see, smell, taste, watch
Contoh:
Active Voice:
- She didn’t feel the boy touch (or touching) her just now.
- Can you help me watch them working (or work) tonight?
- Which of you saw him walking (or walk) outside this room?
- Nobody smelled the warehouse burning (or burn) this morning.
- After seeing an apple falling perpendicularly to the ground in 1666, Isaac Newton reasoned that, in a friend’s telling,” there must be a drawing power in matter.” (National Geographic, May 2017)
Passive Voice:
- A lot of the consultants can be seen sitting around the lounge in the World Hotel.
- The images showed a full-scale mock-up of the superstructure of a warship being erected at the naval electornic testing range in Wuhan.
- Infinitive with to or gerund after begin, cease, continue, commence, start
- As the evidence began to accumulate (or began accumulating), the zoo felt obliged to investigate.
- Japan first began to import (or began importing) handicraft technology and artisans from Korea and China.
- The country began producing (or began to produce) Western products, generally under the direction of foreign importers.
- No one wanted to continue training (or to continue to train) in the martial arts without him.
- Business process outsourcing will continue to prosper (or continue prospering) here as long as there’s government support.” (Bloomberg)
But:
- They are beginning to think about the consequences of traveling to the mountains.
- Passive infinitive after an object
Contoh:
- Do you have a lot of things to do today?
- I don’t think they will have anything to do tomorrow.
- The meeting doesn’t have anything else to discuss with them.
- The client will meet us with some urgent problems to solve.
- She believed the project would take years to implement.
- Jacinda Ardern noticed that some kids came to school without shoes on their feet or anything to eat for lunch. (Bloomberg)
- Bare Infinitive as a subjunctive verb dalam direct speech (kalimat langsung)
- as a hope
God save the Queen!
God bless America!
God bless you!
Long live!
We wish you a happy birthday!
- after a modal auxiliary
May you be happy!
May you have a nice sleep!
2.4 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
2.4.1 Lihat 2.2.6
2.4.2 Lihat 2.3.2
Sumber: Buku yang segera terbit “Jadilah Penerjemah Profesional, oleh Tjan Sie Tek, M.Sc., Penerjemah1978 Tersumpah1997
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